- In India, most of the Water Supply Systems are designed for 24×7 operation.
- The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) in India is responsible for issuing guidelines for infrastructure creation related to water supply and sanitation, including municipal solid waste management.
- CPHEEO manual, is the prime reference for all engineers for design and operation of WSS.
- The WSSs are not operated as designed i.e., there exists a gap between the demand pattern considered at design and actual exerted demand.
- Operators tend to divide the network into smaller zones with multiple valve operations – Intermittent Water Supply (IWS).
- Direct transition from IWS to 24×7 water supply will lead to failure- many examples across India.
- Advanced Hydraulic interventions will help to improve the existing IWS and then subsequently transitioning to 24×7 operation.
- Multi-outlet storage tank, shaft, manifold and pipe in pipe system are few low cost interventions identified by us.
- Holistic approach to improve the efficiency of WSS in India.